EP289: The Great Vowel Shift and the Making of Modern English and Connecting People Through a Salt And Pepper Shaker Museum

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Send them know American stories.com. We love telling stories about the past. Our next story comes to us, a man who simply known as the history is videos watched by hundreds of thousands of people of all ages to the history. I also heard you know American stories, the great vowel shift was the single greatest change in the street of the English language is now become the official language and over 75 countries. The title of the great vowel shift implies the ship to the pronunciation of vowels softer harder sound is the history guy with the story of the great vowel shift in the making of modern English.

Recently we did an episode on Made from tomato's and Q are to submit a question about the enunciation of the word tomato which one is correct.

That is a popular question because a song written by George Gershwin seven Fred Astaire and Ginger Rogers movie.

Shall we Dan with the lyrics you say tomato and I say tomato you say potato taco. Let's call the whole thing off the sums of a lot of things about class and culture.

But the real point of the song is that the difference is important. Tomato are the same thing tomato and tomato came to be pronounced differently is an interesting historical question because history surprisingly fax language in the history of language change that would change the enunciation of the word tomato and virtually the English language stands out as a shining example of the intimate connection between historical events, words that describe the period of the rapid transformation of the pronunciation of English that was called the great vowel shift to be remembered.

The great vowel shift work. GBS refers to a period of radical change in which language is spoken. Shift roughly occurred in England between the mid-14th century the 18th century. Although some argue that it may have started earlier. Later the term itself was coined by Jespersen Danish linguist and Anglicized his focus at the time was on the history of language Jespersen describe the GBS in his 1909 work modernly with grammar on historical principles. The GBS represents a transition from middle English to modern English, and mostly affected the so-called long vowels, although it affected some consonants as well. The description of exactly how it occurs to scholarly dispute.

It did occur evenly over either geography or crime that is to say, that affected Scotland in northern England in southern England differently at different times send it and starts over a period of centuries, while other languages have undergone bowel ships. The significant transformation in how English was pronounced over just a few centuries was well exceptional. The actual pronunciation differences are largely that of the linguist to describe shifts in life and how words with long vowels were pronounced like for example with a long, it would've in the middle English of southern England pronounced like the word beat whereas B (more like the work bay which would pronounce something like that means that Geoffrey Chaucer and William Shakespeare would have difficulty having a conversation with each other while we speakers can read Chaucer's middle English and are usually forced to sometime in high school.

Chaucer's pronunciation would've been almost completely unintelligible to hear the English of William Shakespeare after the great vowel shift.

On the other hand would be accented, but quite understandable that of course means the interesting question of how we would know how these words were pronounced differently since his sound recording from the time request as part of the reason there still disagreement of exactly how the GBS occurred, but it can be divine from clues such as what word sportswriter playwright uses ponds Chaucer right words.

Shakespeare did not. Chaucer, for example, running the word – meaning you can't hear with the word of life, which was then spelled LYF today in the words of life and death.

Don't mind, but in Chaucer's time they did they were pronounced in leaf. Another example is how people spell words and personal correspondence. Elizabeth I spelled deep IPE and need an ID. This indicates that by her time word spelled with EE had always shifted potentiation from the sound of middle English to the long E sound we use in modern English from Ned to deep and neat so her use of the spelling of middle English, where I was pronounced.

He indicates the pronunciation of early modern English. After the great vowel shift to their were scholars at the time, noting some of the changes and some even propose new systems of spelling to represent the changes can help us understand how the changes occur.

But while the question of how the shift occurred is interesting question of why is even more perplexing in this event this agreement among scholars about somehow history changed language what happened in England in the hundred 60 years between Geoffrey Chaucer's death in William Shakespeare's birth that made it so that to acknowledge masters of the English language could not have understood each other speaking their own version of English history transform language difficult question to answer the agreement because scholars can't even agree when the great shift began one of the most significant factors is been suggested to expand the rapid shift in language was population migration enunciation buried in medieval England where the typical person never wandered farther afield than a dozen miles. Dialect regional languages, but events in the 14th century migration and especially congregation in the city brought together people with different mixing of those changed the language back to Norman ruled the conference victory in 1066, the rulers of England primarily spoke French, albeit the more country pumpkin Norman French as opposed to Parisian French for the following 300 years, the language of the court and government was well written language was mainly done in 95% of the population still spoke English at the Norman rulers you English is a low in Boulder, went unregulated and was mainly a spoken language rather than a written language, combined with low population mobility that led to regional dialects, or at least a further diversion from dialects of English. Some linguist estimate that a common person in England in the 12th century would not be able to understand the English language spoken just miles away and you're listening to the history and a fascinating tale of the transformation of the English-language story of the great vowel shift continues here on our American stories will view of the great American stories we tell and love America like we do for asking you to become a part of the L American stories family. If you agree that America is a good and great country.

Please make a donation monthly gift of $17.76 is fast becoming a favorite option for supporters to allow American stories.com now and go to the donate button and help us keep the great American stories coming to our American stories.com this is Tori, and Johnny went to 1 GB class. We have such a special episode brought to you by near attack ODT we recorded at iHeartRadio and Windows. Hanging down near attack ODT were not to plant 75 mg can help migraine sufferers still such an exciting event like window tango. I had one I took minor attack ODT. I was present amazing time. A little glimpse of our conversation with some of our closest friends & was brought to you by near attack ODT were magic pants 75 mg life with migraine attacks can mean missing out on big moments with friends and family, but thankfully near attack ODT were magic pants 75 mg is the only medication that is proven to treat a migraine attack and prevent episodic migraines and adults sound lively events like window tango town have to be next to millions will make Medicare coverage decisions for next year and United healthcare can help you feel confident about your choices for those eligible Medicare annual enrollment runs from October 15 through December 7. If you're working past age 65. You might be able to delay Medicare enrollment. Depending on your employer coverage. It can seem confusing, but it doesn't have to be this UHC Medicare health plan's.com to learn more United healthcare helping people live healthier lives. I know everything there is to know about running a coffee shop for small business insurance. I need my State Farm agent make sure my business days piping hot and competent business owners to help you fast State Farm is in your corner and on like a neighbor. There call your local State Farm agent for quote today and we continue with our American stories and with the history guy in the story of the great vowel shift making of modern slots pickup when we last left off some linguist estimate that a common person in England in the 12th century would not be able to understand the English language spoken just miles away, but in the 14th century, people moved the likely cause was the black play personal case of illness in England was a sailor from Gascony in June 2013 48 by December the operate was estimated kill between 40 and 60% of the population. The impact of this master population were profound changing culture change language.

The initial reaction to the depopulation of the plate was for people to fleet locations with high mortality rates like London, but an interesting study published last year looking at data from medieval cities, surprising result despite the devastation of the plague and return of the illness and populations recovered to prickly populations by the 16th century. Further research on abandoned rural villages and D4 station suggest that rural populations decreased over the same. More than a century to return to the pre-play population result is counterintuitive. General thought would be the places harder hit by the pandemic would recover more slowly because the population was harder because people will be reticent to return the high mortality areas instead of the data suggest that people moved from low mortality areas of the country to high mortality areas in the city.

The conclusion is that factors such as quality of land and human infrastructure such as roads and playgrounds affect migration more than mortality rates. As the population decreased people move from more marginal land with fewer amenities to areas with cultural land and amenities funding support the idea that Southeast England, including London's significant increase in immigration from the northern England following the pandemic. This conclusion is supported by records accumulated by the universities of York and Chatfield in England's immigrant database which tracks immigration to England between 1330 1550 following the play resulting labor shortage met the demand for labor conditions and wages were relatively good compared to many places in your that attracted immigrants to the rest of the British Isles northwest Europe, and even farther afield.

The research suggest as many as one in every hundred people in medieval England was an immigrant result is not just a mixing of English dialects, but of foreign loanwords over much of the period of the great vowel shift and loanwords. The French loanwords are the part of the nation. The huge number French words into the English-language thousands of those French words of enunciation support would transform language.

For example, means for animals sheet differently. Middle English than modern English came from English names for their meat be derived from French courts of justice were also conducted largely in print so many Englishmen while still primarily speaking English. Also learn French with this mix of which is because of vowel shift hundreds of years after the Norman conquest French used by the court, developed into a unique form called Anglo-Norman Normans became increasingly Anglicized over time will became increasingly likely speak English as well as French loss of Normandy to fill the second of France and pro forma that Norman nobles are becoming more dependent upon the divorce from the French customs. Increasingly, the people in power were speaking English but with a heavy French accent. Speaking of her friends that was highly influenced by English and the people who were not in power wanted to sound more like the people who were in power because it was more prestigious difference loanwords and was further impacted by war with the French series of conflicts. It will be called the hundred years war began 1337 S. might've impacted language in a few ways.

For example, causing migration based on the recruitment of troops in the number Englishmen to spend time on the clock fighting wars also created the resentment towards the French language. The language of the enemy, Henry IV to depose his nephew Richard the second in 1399 was the first English king, for whom English was his mother taught he took his oath in English. This new version to French, even as the conversion of French-speaking nobles, English-speaking increase the use of loanwords cost and overcorrection when the pronunciation of French words was changed to sound less French. This overcorrection might swing by language so influenced by romance languages been pronounced differently from but this doesn't really explain why the change was so some linguist think that might be explained by; chain shift roughly speaking, that means that a small change might cause a change somewhere else. For example, pronouncing about one way differently might require them that another vowel be pronounced differently so the two don't sound too much alike for logical systems to naturally seek economy and symmetry. And while it's not as mechanistic as it sounds, what it means is that a small shift change shifts that meant something large like the great vowel shift. One result of the great vowel shift is that a person explains what English is so well, difficult spend more or less haphazardly over time.

The geography of the great vowel shift not apply uniformly to all relevant words resemble the letter combination spelled EA was pronounced middle English meat was meant to a phase was pronounced and meet would've been mate and then follow the long piece out has today meat along with words like speaking, being but some words that stuck along the way. Matt became meet but stay, which was originally pronounced stack got stuck in the middle. Stay with words like great long to become speak and a few other words, took another shift to a diphthong are combined vowel sound backwards like bearer and swear in middle English, those words will but in modern English. That same vowel combination is pronounced three different ways. It was roughly the same. That printing in England was standardizing spelling in English.

Some of their standby spellings miss the effects of the GDx and thus many words in English are not written as they sound and chassis time to the end of words would been pronounced as with all the sounds you become silent and spoken language, but the letters were still retained in printing. In other cases would spelling was changed that obscured the relationship between them and the European languages for which they were drawn to Confucius are still many artifacts of middle English example word shire every Britain will tell you that Buckinghamshire Oxford shire Bedford Shire pronounced Buckinghamshire Oxfordshire and Bedfordshire. The reason is not laziness and that the pronunciation of those names was set before the great vowel shift when shire would've been pronounced sheer those names are little backs past the conquerors doomsday book.

From what we've learned so much about is pronounced doomsday but spelled Domesday the USDA. Why because the Normans could spell because Joe was pronounced before the great vowel shift spoke French artifact of middle English was most interesting things about the great vowel shift is occurring elsewhere on the continent. Languages are subject to some amount of downshift, but the French language. For example, hardly changed over the same. Even though the French faced the same plague in the same great vowel shift is an artifact of the uniqueness of English history of the Lord spoke French in about language of a population that was considered a little placid with unregulated only to rise again and divide its own path of the language that is permeated by four words whose form pronunciations at some points were considered desirable at another point considered anathema as the nation found its identity represents a period where it went from a backwater vassal of the French to a great nation in its own right. When the people move from largely world much more is a language that is as complex as the history of the English people, so what about tomato and tomato sauce are likely would've tomato except the tomatoes had been introduced to England and chassis time Shakespeare would've recognized what a tomato was, but he likely would pronounced it with the short in modern English. It was pronounced tomato for very long time. It was nothing, but in dictation of 18th-century upper-class Englishmen in southern England.

The turn chance dance and castle into Chol's doll possible and turned tomato into tomato like the song implies, maybe that difference isn't all that important, and we don't really have to call the whole thing all and great job as always Greg came over working and collaborating so well with a history guy. Great job on the production my goodness what a tour de force of writing and performance. This is my favorite living so many great ones. The great vowel shift the making of modern English here on our American stores. Tory and Johnny went to 10 MG pot class.

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A little glimpse of our conversation with some of our closest friends & was brought to you by near attack ODT were magic pants 75 mg life with migraine attacks can mean missing out on big moments with friends and family, but thankfully no attack ODT were magic pants 75 mg is the only medication that is proven to treat a migraine attack and prevent episodic migraines and adults sell lively events like window tango town have to be next to millions will make Medicare coverage decisions for next year and United healthcare can help you feel confident about your choices for those eligible Medicare annual enrollment runs from October 15 through December 7. If you're working past age 65. You might be able to delay Medicare enrollment. Depending on your employer coverage.

It can seem confusing, but it doesn't have to be this UHC Medicare health plans.com to learn more United healthcare helping people live healthier lives. I know everything there is to know about running a coffee shop for small business insurance. I need my State Farm agent make sure my business days piping hot and cool and confident business owners to help you pass. State Farm is in your corner and on like a good neighbor. There call your local State Farm agent for quote today. This is our American stories we tell all kinds of stories here on our show. As you well know next story Andrea from the salt and pepper shaker Museum in Gatlinburg, Tennessee. That's right, salt and pepper shaker Museum at this museum.

I have 20,000 salt-and-pepper shakers sets in 1500 pepper mills peers. Andrea on how something like this ever got started. Museum started because my mother was an archaeologist for most of her life basically getting bored. We had moved to the US back in the 80s, she was no longer affiliated with any university in the state so she can have any projects or programs work so she started looking for one broken home is get another one. It would eventually break it and asked to searching for mills. She started to morsel. He started to realize you can trace our society changing over time that was popular in the 20s changes by the 40 now and that really got her passion, knowing she just wanted to so simple that we all take for every single household is also a history and that's what's so fascinating. It's not a car part not photographed it is something that's functional and the creativity behind them and the ingenuity and a lot of them is just amazing how the collection started and fell over the years.

He started collecting more.

Now this is never the intent was never to create a museum intent was just to find the creativity how unusual artistry behind so many of these and as time went by, my mom started collecting more and more, and she would not underneath the house and boxes and then one time. One Christmas my brother got my mom a digital camera when they first came out when they first came out yet to understand the digital camera. The little chip card with 16 K was the biggest one that you can get so nowadays it's barely a photo you could use on the website so she would take pictures of them. She was cataloguing them. Also, my box, she would wrap on measure described on my way in the evenings she would leave a few outages at all so cute we would be like going back home from work or from school and we would be like today. The boxes and boxes of salt-and-pepper shakers sitting around the table like family dies. We just started kind of chatting and going cool to share this with people like you that and then slowly the idea formed of creating a museum and then the question was where do we put a museum like this and at the time we were living in Texas and a friend of ours told us about Tennessee which we had never been to before we decide to do a quick trip and so we came to the Smokies and fell in love. This would be a perfect place to place in in seven 2010 we moved from Texas to hear and opened the salt shaker Museum collected for about 35 years only activity we would go out and start looking for pepper mills and salt shakers back then 30 or 40 years ago, flea markets, where the big thing and they were really nice and rich now flea markets are a great place to find that you don't really find we find what happened is over the years, those kind of vendors moved into antique shops and antique malls, and we've been to relate every single state in the US and whichever antique shop renting Molly would find we would definitely stop and we would start looking around at all the different booths in the scavenger hunt. A lot of people ask you how she no condition, one of the things that she only said if you are a collector of anything you have that whatever subject matter is so if you are baseball collector and you have 10,000 baseball cards, you know exactly which cards you have in what condition they are the ones that you're missing or if you're into comic books or anything like that you you know it becomes part of you and your interest in a hobby that you research more and start to appreciate what I remember I was in a little town called Abingdon, Virginia. Actually not too far from here and they had in the summertime they have an arts and craft show and they also have like a vintage market or just walking and it was like this lady that had jewelry girl hey I live in Berkeley and finding jewelry. So looking around behind the bracelet. I see this black and white pepper shaker, earring, and I'm looking at the lady really are these things over here and she pulled it out and she's like all these are some shakers weird.

She said 2015 inside my heart was racing always heard about these earrings that are so literally there so earrings this you all you know they dated 4050 cooling you like running back to my moments like that but there so many surprise even after some years of collecting some shakers will shakers we've never seen before and just be completely blown away. So like some of the favorite are nothing so they actually mouthing Helen clean out the ashes of Mount Saint Helens and it shows the Bocchino before it exploded after it exploded.

So the exploded part is one shaker and then the rest the other shaker things like I like things are interactive also.

So there is the Mona Lisa. And so the Mona Lisa lady. She is the salt you take her out of the frame and the frame is the pepper surprise and you just like all my goodness. Who would've thought surprise.

Oh always brings a smile to your face and you just want to share with others and it was just because you about going to antique shops and antique malls when your younger person you going with somebody who are in their 80s or 60s or something like that about the parents were you'll run into go with my dad and you would run into tools and I would be like this for many would say this would be used at a farm on China factory so one of the fun things about going to antique shops and antique houses down our history and culture as human looking all these things that used to be used as things are part of our history and legacy getting forgotten. It was just part of the extra bonus of the adventures of going in search of salt-and-pepper shakers is also to look back at our history to Andrea and shoes talking to us from Gatlinburg, Tennessee, the home of the salt and pepper shaker Museum. When we come back more from Andrea on salt-and-pepper shakers on our American story, this is Tori Jenny with 210 MG podcasts we have such a special episode brought to you by near attack ODT we recorded at iHeartRadio and Windows handout.

Did you know that near attack ODT were magic pant 75 mg can help migraine sufferers still such an exciting event like window tango. I had one night I took minor attack ODT. I was present amazing time. A little glimpse of our conversation with some of our closest friends. This episode was brought to you by near attack ODT were meant to pant 75 mg life with migraine attacks can mean missing out on big moments with friends and family, but thankfully near attack ODT were magic pant 75 mg is the only medication that is proven to treat a migraine attack and prevent episodic migraines and adults sell lively events like window tango town have to be next Medicare coverage decisions for next year and UnitedHealth care can help you feel confident about your choices for those eligible Medicare annual enrollment runs from October 15 through December 7. If you're working past age 65.

You might be able to delay Medicare enrollment.

Depending on your employer coverage. It can seem confusing, but it doesn't have to be UHC Medicare health plans.com to learn more United healthcare helping people live healthier lives. I know everything there is to know about running a coffee shop for small business insurance. I need my State Farm agent make sure my business days piping hot and cool and confident business owners to help you best. State Farm is in your corner and on like a good neighbor.

There call your local State Farm agent for quote today about American stories you been listening to Andrea in the salt and pepper shaker Museum that when bird Tennessee where they have 20,000 salt-and-pepper shakers sets in 1500 per mills we left off with Andrea talking about what it was like searching roll the salt-and-pepper shakers across this great country back to Andrea searching for some shakers you you also get to see shops and antique malls that you see the small towns also the reason why we travel time at my mom my dad and I made jewelry. We would go to arts and craft shows around the country. Those shows are usually on the weekends so during the week we would be going from one location to another, and you would usually be going from one state to another supplement to Ohio or to Pennsylvania or Michigan and all of this during the summertime during the week it would give us a great opportunity to look for antique shops, antique mall and a lot of places are found in the hearts mean Street little towns in the middle of nowhere in the state.

So you have to get off the interstate and start searching.

Also, as you look around in the map to speak regular doesn't matter what map and start looking the little town there certain words in town that will have a reference to salt. That's pretty interesting because it turns out that a lot of the roads that we use roads used for commerce and one of the main things that was sold and traded with salt because without salt you can't live without salt your food would spoil because this is before refrigeration so it was a very important item in mineral that you needed so you have salt fill which of course the basic obvious name you have salt fill and then you have all these other names that towns that you can see like to have link on LI CK.

It has to do with Salt Lake because it was used to go there and they would let salt because they need the salt thing about salt shakers only continues salt and pepper start to peel one layer of the onion in another layer, and you get more history.

The whole road their own interstate it would be like Interstate 40 kind of thing called the South W was only having to do with commerce of salt. There is a time when salt was more than gold so it's really amazing you start to go into the history of something we'll take for granted that salt and with prayer.

That's also another fascinating thing because if it wasn't for pepper Columbus never have gotten on a ship and try to cross it take to get to the movies is running into what he later called because he was trying to find India and the spice Islands because he was in search of pepper as well as cinnamon and all of these other spices that we now take for granted but is so rich and flavorful. So it is just amazing what something so as a container of salt-and-pepper with actually represent the creation of the forming of salt-and-pepper shakers is very American sense there's always been a container for first salt by in 1909 1910 1911.

Around that time Morton Morton in Chicago and Detroit area. He came up with this that would help cope the little crystals salt and allow it to pour and that's when the Morton salt company became so famous with their slogan of rains, it pours.

See by finding an additive and in creating this type of salt he created salt shakers and that created a whole industry and CCU have all the salt shakers from the early 1920s and 30s thing World War II happened with World War II, there is the occupation which is really amazing because with the occupation of Japan is American government decided that they want to kickstart the Japanese economy, so the representatives from Ohio, Pennsylvania, Michigan. From all these factories of good like teacups and candles and dishes and things like that, pottery, porcelain is very famous for its porcelain and pottery and artistry so they sent these representatives over there to kickstart those factories back up again for only the American market. So they were creating items to be sold back in the United States.

World War II is over.

Now you have all the servicemen back home, traveling all over the world so they come back home and everybody's pumped up here is a new energy in the US. This is late 40s early 50s you start to get into the tradition of the road trip family everybody on the car and go so they go route 66 is born going to Florida is the big tradition as well and along the way have to buy severe fine shakers because it also helping an economy in coming up as well. So there's this history is something that we all take for granted and will help to another through something as simple as salt-and-pepper people, the museum and they will like this shaker haven't seen since I was five years old. Because my great, great, she had thought about what happened with that here reading that connection back to labor of love making riches here.

We are sharing a passion and love of the we don't think should be taken for granted because everybody has it in their house. Betty has a computer or has a person or whatever.

Everybody has this one thing that connects us all together. Cool. My mother passed away in 2015 she passed away at the age of 80 very full life is very rich and full life. I only said she had seven lifetimes in one lifetime.

She would take everything extreme so she let anything go to waste.

She hated napping or sleeping because she didn't want anything airplane. She would always be looking out the window. She just loved his passion for living in a passion for this world. Passion for for this plan. She only slipped the fall so when she passed away. She was the driving force behind all of this and so for me personally it was a stumbling because all the sudden my motors were taken away from me. I started drifting I didn't know where I'm going. Now what the museum definitely she's here. This is part of her will always be a part of her just continuing to make her dream every day thing she ever went salt she just went everybody what she found fast meeting you tedious about whatever interesting thing that she found hiding behind salt-and-pepper shake so so to be able to continue her legacy salt-and-pepper shakers. Great job as always to faith and a special thanks to Andrea Lewton and also to her mom for well creating a daughter like she did teaching about the things that matter in life which is to have passion for the small things and family and my goodness to have a daughter talk about her mother this way. It doesn't get better folks should a passion for living a passion for this world and by the way Moshe got lost for a little bit okay became clear what she was good to do with the rest of her life and listen to Andrea's passion. It's infectious and makes you want to just get up and start driving around with your family across country and stop the little towns in Rome around the little shops by the way, you can go to Gatlinburg and visit the museum again 20,000 salt-and-pepper shakers sets 1500 pepper mills and a whole lot of stories about this country. Salt-and-pepper shaker museum story enemy in Andrea Lewton and her mother's story on our Medicare coverage decisions for next year.

Healthcare can help you feel confident about your choices for those eligible Medicare annual enrollment runs from October 15 through December 7.

If you're working past age 65. You might be able to delay Medicare enrollment. Depending on your employer coverage. It can seem confusing, but it doesn't have to be this UHC Medicare health plans.com to learn more United healthcare helping people live healthier lives. Carpentry is my house for small business insurance. I need my State Farm is there small business owners to so they know how to help invest like a good neighbor, call your local State Farm agent for quote today. Each year, about 9% of new breast cancer cases are found in women under the age of 45.

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